Notes

  1. Susan Stout Baker, Radical Beginnings: Richard Hofstadter and the 1930s (Wesport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985), 8-18.
  2. Alfred Kazin, New York Jew (New York: Knopf Doubleday, 2013), 44.
  3. Pearl Bell, oral history interview by the Richard Hofstadter Project, 1972, interview 42, transcript.
  4. Kazin, New York Jew, 43
  5. Baker, Radical Beginnings, 44-45.
  6. Hofstadter later wrote that his "first professional essay... was an attempt to take issue with some of [the Beards'] suggestions about the origins of the Civil War" (Richard Hofstadter, The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington [New York: Knopf, 1968], xiv).
  7. Richard Hofstadter, "The Tariff and Homestead Issues in the Republican Platform of 1860" (undergraduate thesis, University of Buffalo, 1936), 53.
  8. Baker, Radical Beginnings, 65.
  9. Richard Hofstadter, "Reconsidering 'The Age of Reform'" (unpublished lecture transcript, n.d. [after 1960]), 1.
  10. Christopher Lasch, "On Richard Hofstadter," The New York Review of Books 20, no. 3 (March 8, 1973).
  11. Baker, Radical Beginnings, 29-30.
  12. ibid., 34.
  13. ibid., 53.
  14. Baker, Radical Beginnings, 72.
  15. ibid., 73.
  16. Kazin, New York Jew, 48.
  17. ibid.
  18. ibid., 43.
  19. Richard Hofstadter, "The Great Depression and American History" (unpublished manuscript, n.d. [early 1960s?]), Box 36: Miscellaneous Notes and Drafts, Richard Hofstadter Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.
  20. Quoted in Baker, Radical Beginnings, 90-91.
  21. Quoted in ibid., 90.
  22. Quoted in ibid., 89.
  23. Quoted in ibid., 151.
  24. Baker, Radical Beginnings, 117.
  25. Richard Hofstadter, "Jefferson's Ideas on Class Relations," (unpublished manuscript, n.d. [late 1930s]), Box 3: The American Political Tradition, Richard Hofstadter Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.
  26. ibid.
  27. Richard Hofstadter, "Untitled," (unpublished manuscript, n.d. [late 1930s]), Box 36: Miscellaneous Notes and Drafts, Richard Hofstadter Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.
  28. Baker, Radical Beginnings, 103-113.
  29. Hofstadter, "The Great Depression and American History."
  30. ibid.
  31. Eric Foner, introduction to Richard Hofstadter Social Darwinism in American Thought (Boston: Beacon Press, 1992), xiii.
  32. Baker, Radical Beginnings, 165-166.
  33. Hofstadter, "The Great Depression and American History."
  34. Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought, 201.
  35. ibid.
  36. ibid., 201.
  37. ibid., 202.
  38. ibid., 122.
  39. ibid., 204.
  40. ibid., 63.
  41. Kazin, New York Jew, 48.
  42. Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It (New York: Vintage Books, 1989), xxxix.
  43. ibid., xxxiii
  44. Foner, introduction to Social Darwinism in American Thought, xxii.
  45. Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition, 15.
  46. ibid., 25.
  47. ibid., 68.
  48. ibid., 169.
  49. ibid., 228
  50. ibid., 286
  51. ibid., 283.
  52. ibid., 455.
  53. ibid., 456.
  54. ibid., 448.
  55. Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform (New York: Vintage Books, 1955), 307.
  56. Lasch, "On Richard Hofstadter."
  57. ibid.
  58. Daniel Walker Howe and Peter Elliott Finn, "Richard Hofstadter: The Ironies of an American Historian," Pacific Historical Review 43, no. 1 (Feb., 1974): 7.
  59. Richard Hofstadter, "Introduction" (unpublished manuscript, n.d. [1940s]), Box 3: The American Political Tradition, Richard Hofstadter Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.
  60. ibid.
  61. ibid.
  62. Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition, xxxiii.
  63. Hofstadter, "Introduction."
  64. See quotation in Howard Brick, Daniel Bell and the Decline of Intellectual Radicalism: Social Theory and Political Reconciliation in the 1940s (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986), 157.
  65. Hofstadter, "Introduction."
  66. Richard Hofstadter, "The New Deal and American Liberalism" (unpublished manuscript, n.d. [late 1940s]), Box 36: Miscellaneous Notes and Drafts, Richard Hofstadter Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.
  67. ibid.
  68. ibid.
  69. ibid.
  70. ibid.
  71. ibid.
  72. ibid.
  73. ibid.
  74. ibid.
  75. ibid.
  76. ibid.
  77. ibid.
  78. ibid.
  79. Hofstadter, The Age of Reform, 15.
  80. ibid., 12.
  81. ibid., 95.
  82. ibid., 46.
  83. ibid., 130
  84. ibid., 61.
  85. ibid., 240
  86. ibid., 313
  87. ibid., 328.
  88. Hofstadter sought to unearth some of the historical sources of right-wing populism in the United States not by employing the methods of social scientists, but by mobilizing "their substantive findings, their intellectual concerns, and their professional perspectives" (Richard Hofstadter, "History and the Social Sciences," in Fritz Stern, ed., The Varieties of History: From Voltaire to the Present [New York: Vintage Books, 1972], 364).
  89. William A. Williams, "The Age of Re-Forming History," The Nation, June 30, 1956, 554.
  90. ibid., 553.
  91. Richard Hofstadter, "The [Limits?] of Historical Doctrine," (unpublished manuscript, n.d. [1960s]), Box 36: Miscellaneous Notes and Drafts, Richard Hofstadter Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.
  92. Hofstadter, "History and the Social Sciences," 361.
  93. C. Vann Woodward, "The Populist Heritage and the Intellectual," The American Scholar, Winter 1959-60, 72.
  94. Norman Pollack, "Hofstadter on Populism: A Critique of 'The Age of Reform,'" Journal of Southern History 26, no. 4 (Nov., 1960): 486.
  95. Howe and Finn, 17.
  96. Daniel Bell, oral history interview by the Richard Hofstadter Project, 1972, interview 42, transcript.
  97. Richard Pells, The Liberal Mind in a Conservative Age: American Intellectuals in the 1940s and 1950s (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1989), 150-151.
  98. Williams, "The Age of Re-Forming History," 554.
  99. Alan Brinkley, "Richard Hofstadter's the Age of Reform: A Reconsideration," Reviews in American History 13, no. 3 (Sep., 1985): 463.
  100. Walter Metzger, oral history interview by the Richard Hofstadter Project, 1972, interview 29, transcript.
  101. Richard Hofstadter, "Thomas Cole's The Cross and the World," "Perspectives in American Art," radio network unknown, 1954. Richard Hofstadter Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.
  102. ibid.
  103. Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life (New York: Vintage Books, 1962), 35.
  104. ibid., 289.
  105. ibid., 416.
  106. Daniel Boorstin, "The Split-Level Tower," The Saturday Review of Literature, June 1, 1963, 20.
  107. Richard Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics, and Other Essays (New York: Knopf, 1965), 4.
  108. ibid., 39.
  109. ibid., 23.
  110. Richard Hofstadter, "Dissent and Nonconformity in American Politics" (lecture transcript, Barnard College, March 25, 1954), 14. Box 35: Miscellaneous Notes and Drafts, Richard Hofstadter Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.
  111. David S. Brown, Richard Hofstadter: An Intellectual Biography (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 150.**
  112. David S. Brown, "Redefining American History: Ethnicity, Progressive Historiography and the Making of Richard Hofstadter," The History Teacher 36, no. 4 (August, 2003): 535.**
  113. Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style, 91.
  114. Hofstadter, "Dissent and Nonconformity," 16. See also: Richard Hofstadter, "The Pseudo-Conservative Revolt," The American Scholar, Winter 1954-55, 
  115. ibid., 20.
  116. ibid., 31.
  117. Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style, 65.
  118. Richard Hofstadter to Grayson Kirk, February 27, 1967, Box 2: Uncatalogued Correspondence (Folder: Columbia - General), Richard Hofstadter Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University in the City of New York.
  119. Daniel Bell; Herbert Deane; Richard Hofstadter; Robert K. Merton; and Fritz Stern to Lyndon B. Johnson, May 18, 1966, Box 2: Uncatalogued Correspondence (Folder: Columbia - General), Richard Hofstadter Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University in the City of New York.
  120. Richard Hofstadter to Elizabeth Sutherland, April 16, 1968, Box 2: Uncatalogued Correspondence (Folder: Cleaver, Eldridge), Richard Hofstadter Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University in the City of New York.
  121. ibid.
  122. Richard Hofstadter, "Academic Freedom in the University," (lecture transcript, University of California, Berkeley, May 1, 1967), Box 23: Lectures and Speeches, Richard Hofstadter Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University in the City of New York.
  123. ibid.
  124. Hofstadter, Richard, 1916-1970, “214th Columbia University Commencement Address, June 4th 1968. Audio,” Columbia University Libraries Online Exhibitions, accessed November 17, 2016, https://exhibitions.cul.columbia.edu/exhibits/show/1968/item/9567.
  125. ibid.
  126. ibid.
  127. David M. Potter, "The Art of Comity," The New York Review of Books, December 5, 1968.
  128. ibid.
  129. ibid.
  130. Richard Hofstadter, "The Age of Rubbish," Newsweek, July 4, 1970.
  131. Richard Hofstadter, "America as a Gun Culture," The American Heritage, October 1970.
  132. Richard Hofstadter, "Introduction: Reflections on American Violence," in Richard Hofstadter and Michael Wallace, eds.,  American Violence: A Documentary Reader (State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1970), 5.
  133. ibid., 7.
  134. ibid., 29.
  135. ibid., 41.
  136. ibid., 42.
  137. ibid., 24.
  138. ibid., 43.
  139. Howe and Finn, 18.
  140. ibid., 17.
  141. Richard Hofstadter to Christopher Lasch, October 9, 1964, Box 6: Uncatalogued Correspondence (Folder: Lasch, Christopher), Richard Hofstadter Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University in the City of New York.
  142. Howe and Finn, 21.
  143. Lasch, "On Richard Hofstadter."

** Readers should note that Richard Hofstadter's widow, the administrator of his literary estate, considered many of the conclusions and interpretations put forward by David S. Brown, as well as some of his factual narrative, to be mistaken or inaccurate.

References
Notes